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技術文章

歐姆計定義

    歐姆計 (ohmmeter) ，又稱為電阻表，是一種專門測量電阻的儀器。電機元件阻礙電流流動的性質，稱為電阻，單位為歐姆。毫歐姆計專門測量微小的電阻；而百萬歐姆計，又稱為兆歐計，或高阻表，則專門測量非常巨大的電阻。

    四端點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)測(ce)(ce)(ce)技術可(ke)以(yi)用來準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)地測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 2 與點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 3 之(zhi)間的電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。用于(yu)高準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)度(du)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)工(gong)作，上述歐姆(mu)計難以(yi)勝任(ren)。這是(shi)因為(wei)從儀器讀出的電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值還包括了探針(zhen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)和接(jie)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)（如右圖，點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 1 與點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 2 之(zhi)間和點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 3 與點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 4 之(zhi)間的電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)）。為(wei)了降低這些效應，高準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)度(du)歐姆(mu)計有(you)四個(ge)終端點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，稱為(wei)開爾文接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。兩個(ge)終端點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 1 與點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 4 ，運載(zai)主電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，并且有(you)一(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流表測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)主電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的值 I。又使用電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓表連結于(yu)另(ling)外(wai)兩個(ge)終端點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 2 與點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 3 ，來準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)兩端的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓V 。點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 2 與點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 3 之(zhi)間的電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R 可(ke)以(yi)用方(fang)程表達為(wei)R=V / I 。

    由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓 V 不包括在內(nei)點 1 與點 2 之(zhi)間和點 3 與點 4 之(zhi)間的電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)所產生的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。得到的電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值非常的準(zhun)(zhun)確。這四(si)端點量(liang)(liang)測技術 (four-terminal measurement) 稱為開(kai)爾(er)文(wen)(wen)傳(chuan)感，因開(kai)爾(er)文(wen)(wen)勛(xun)爵而命名。于 1861 年，開(kai)爾(er)文(wen)(wen)勛(xun)爵發明了(le)開(kai)爾(er)文(wen)(wen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao) (Kelvin bridge) ，專(zhuan)門測量(liang)(liang)微(wei)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。四(si)端點量(liang)(liang)測技術也可(ke)以用來(lai)準(zhun)(zhun)確地測量(liang)(liang)微(wei)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。

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